Analytical review on antimicrobial resistance in Bushmeat: Resistance profiles and genetic determinants in bacteria associated with animal species across continental geographic zones

This literature review focuses on Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bushmeat consumed in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe. We analysed 119 articles, including 18 on Gram-negative bacteria in protected areas, 66 on Gram-negative bacteria in non-protected areas, and 35 on Gram-positive bacteria in wildlife. Our findings revealed the presence of AMR and resistance genes in all regions, in both protected and non-protected areas. Africa had the highest number of publications on protected areas, followed by Europe, the Americas, and Asia. In non-protected areas, Europe ranked first, followed by Asia, the Americas, and Africa. Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella spp. exhibited resistance and multidrug resistance. Resistance genes were also identified, including those targeting tetracyclines, carbapenems, vancomycin, fluoroquinolones, and chloramphenicol. Wildlife plays a critical role in the dissemination of resistant bacteria and genes, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and preventive measures to combat zoonotic antibiotic resistance.