Materials and geometrical designs for future skin-attachable wearable health-care system

Recent advances in materials science, biomedical engineering, and device design have driven the development of next-generation skin-attachable wearable healthcare systems capable of continuous, real-time, and non-invasive monitoring of diverse physiological parameters. This review summarizes recent progress in advanced materials, such as soft elastomers, intrinsically stretchable conductors, hydrogels, and nanocomposites, which enable intimate skin integration and stable operation under deformation. Structural design innovations, including serpentine interconnects, island-bridge configuration, are discussed as well in relation to mechanical durability and wearer comfort. Additionally, advances in integrated physiological sensors ranging from ECG, PPG, and EEG to SpO₂, blood pressure, glucose, and temperature monitors are examined for their role in enabling comprehensive, multi-modal health monitoring within a single wearable platform. These sensors transduce diverse bio-signals into measurable electrical data with clinically relevant accuracy, while IoT-based wireless communication and AI-assisted analytics enhance remote diagnostics, personalized baseline tracking, and real-time anomaly detection. Key challenges and future research directions are outlined to guide the clinical translation of these technologies into robust, decentralized healthcare solutions capable of operating reliably in real-world environments.