Smart tax framework for reviving real investment in Egypt amid technological and geopolitical transformation: A comparative empirical study

Purpose and Design: This research investigates how a smart tax framework can serve as a catalyst for reviving real (productive and sustainable) investment in Egypt. It focuses on integrating Fifth Industrial Revolution technologies and responding to the country’s declining investment climate marked by investor flight, reduced private sector participation, and growing dominance of military and sovereign entities. The study aims to develop a strategic, inclusive, and transparent tax policy model that restores investor confidence while aligning with global trends and local development goals. Method and Approach: A comparative empirical methodology is adopted. The study draws on case studies from successful investment reform experiences (e.g., Singapore, Rwanda, UAE, Estonia, and Chile), stakeholder surveys, and interviews with tax professionals, auditors, policymakers, and investors in Egypt. The study also uses SWOT and PESTEL analysis to contextualize Egypt's geopolitical and technological realities. Digital tax tools (e.g., blockchain, AI-assisted compliance, tax credit banks) are evaluated for potential adoption. Findings:  The research finds that current tax structures in Egypt lack transparency, predictability, and technological integration factors critical for attracting real FDI. A smart tax policy framework based on performance-based incentives, long-term covenants, digital tax governance, and stakeholder engagement can reverse capital flight and reestablish Egypt as a competitive investment destination. Originality and Value:  This study is one of the first in Egypt to holistically merge taxation, technology, investment law, and geopolitical strategy. It provides an actionable legislative proposal (draft law) to create an independent investment tax authority, smart incentive zones, and transparent tax systems that meet both investor needs and national priorities. Theoretical, Practical, and Social Implications: Theoretically, it contributes to interdisciplinary literature on fiscal policy, digital governance, and development economics. Practically, it offers policy tools for immediate implementation. Socially, it calls for a rebalancing of state-private investment roles, empowering SMEs and restoring economic inclusivity.