A literature review on institutional e-learning readiness models

With issues on learning continuity during the pandemic, e-learning is viewed as a viable solution by many schools worldwide. However, the institution’s readiness must be determined before considering the adoption of e-learning to increase the likelihood of its success. This paper aims to determine the institutional e-learning readiness models constructed from 2000-2021. Using the keywords “(institution or institutionalize) and readiness and (online learning or e-learning),” this study has retrieved 42 relevant literatures about institutional e-readiness models from different journals and conference articles available in the databases of Google Scholar, Science Direct, and others. Although the earliest models are intended for non-educational organizations, most of them measure the e-learning readiness of academic institutions. Likewise, it reveals that most of the models are from developed countries and cannot be used for developing countries or institutions with diverse cultures and varying needs and capabilities. Such gaps call for the creation of suitable instruments for every institution. Accordingly, this literature review provides information on the most cited constructs for e-learning readiness, such as infrastructure, human resources, content, culture, and student. Moreover, the participants and methods identified in other research are discussed in this paper. This information is crucial for the readiness assessment tool.